The Wizard of Lies: Bernie Madoff and the Death of Trust
By Diana B. Henriques
Times Books, 419 pages, $34.50
Reviewed by Mike Stimpson
Before beginning to tell the story of the largest Ponzi scheme ever, U.S. business journalist Diana Henriques furnishes her readers with a list of key "characters" -- 89 in all.
That is thoughtful of her, since it can be difficult to keep track of all the players in The Wizard of Lies, despite how well Henriques relates the tale.
The intriguing story of how Bernie Madoff fooled thousands of people into believing he was a wizard of Wall Street trading, and not just using new money to pay old investors, begins nearly 50 years ago in 1962.
That's when Madoff first used someone else's money to deceive investors, reports Henriques, a financial writer at the New York Times who has penned three previous books and been a Pulitzer Prize finalist.
The cover-up money came from father-in-law Saul Alpern, who was an accountant. Madoff had lost $30,000 on risky stocks but borrowed that amount from Alpern and put it into clients' accounts so that they wouldn't know about the loss.
The sleight-of-hand wasn't a Ponzi scheme, but it wasn't honest, either.
Madoff did it to, in Henriques's words, "burnish his reputation as a trading star."
He concealed information clients of his then two-year-old firm deserved to know -- that he had lost their money on a gamble he should not have taken.
Despite first-hand knowledge of his son-in-law's deceitfulness, Alpern referred and recruited many people to him for investment services.
After Alpern retired, his accounting firm's remaining partners continued its association with Madoff and eventually made investor recruitment for Madoff its sole focus.
Madoff's business grew tremendously through the 1970s and '80s, as more and more people became convinced he was an investment genius.
By the early '90s, Madoff's firm was a major force in the NASDAQ stock exchange that he had helped create and once chaired.
Somewhere along the way, his "investment advisory" service became a Ponzi scheme. Precisely when is unclear and may never be known.
Madoff says it happened during a money crunch in 1992, but Henriques suspects the transformation occurred shortly after the Black Monday market crash in October 1987.
She suggests in the epilogue that the transformation might not have been so abrupt as Madoff going crooked on a particular day.
Rather, she says, the Ponzi scheme may have been the climax of a gradual process that began in 1962 when Madoff learned he could get away with deceiving investors.
His criminal behaviour may have been, as she puts it, "a destination he reached after a decades-long journey along the edges of right and wrong."
At any rate, the stress of constantly having to reel in new money to cover redemptions became too much for him and he confessed his crimes to his sons, who were both employees at his firm, on Dec. 8, 2008.
His sons turned him in, he was arrested Dec. 11, and Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities was shut down.
Henriques's account of those dramatic days, meticulously reconstructed through interviews with virtually everyone involved, is one of the book's highlights.
She also does an excellent job explaining the process and controversies involved in trying to get compensation for Madoff's thousands of victims, who were out more than $20 billion in cash losses and still more in paper losses.
Madoff, 73, is serving a 150-year sentence at a medium-security prison in North Carolina.
He told Henriques this past Feb. 15, in the second of their two interviews at the prison, that he never really believed he was stealing.
What a character.
